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The information provided in this part of our website is presented in an effort to help you understand acoustics (the science of sound) and how it affects you in everyday life. Knowing the basics of sound and noise control will help you select products and methods to better solve your acoustical problems. 

As always, you may contact one of our sales representatives by phone at 1-888-454-6975 or by email at tomies2000@aol.com to answer your questions and help you build a solution that best fits your needs.

Glossary of Noise Control Terms

ABSORPTION. A property of materials that allows a reduction in the amount of sound energy reflected. The introduction of an absorbent into the surfaces of a room will reduce the sound pressure level in that room by not reflecting all of the sound energy striking the room's surfaces. The effect of absorption merely reduces the resultant sound level in the room produced by energy that has already entered the room. 

ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT. A measure of the sound-absorbing ability of a surface. It is defined as the fraction of incident sound energy absorbed or otherwise not reflected by a surface. Unless otherwise specified, a diffuse sound field is assumed. The values at the sound-absorption coefficient usually range from about 0.01 for marble slate to almost 1.0 for long absorbing wedges often used in anechoic rooms. 

ACCEPTABLE SOUND LEVELS

ACOUSTICS. (1) The science of sound, including the generation, transmission, and effects of sound waves, both audible and inaudible. (2) The physical qualities of a room or other enclosure (such as size, shape, amount of noise) that determine the audibility and perception of speech and music within the room. 

ACOUSTIC TRAUMA. Damage to the hearing mechanism caused by a sudden burst of intense noise, or by a blast. The term usually implies a single traumatic event. 

AIRBORNE SOUND. Sound that reaches the point of interest by propagation through air. 

AMBIENT NOISE. The total of all noise in the environment, other than the noise from the source of interest. This term is used interchangeably with background noise. 

ANECHOIC ROOM. A room in which the boundaries absorb nearly all the incident sound, thereby, effectively creating free field conditions. 

ANSI. The American National Standards Institute. 

ARTICULATION INDEX (AI). A numerically calculated measure of the intelligibility of transmitted or processed speech. It takes into account the limitations of the transmission path and the background noise. The articulation index can range in magnitude between 0 and 1.0 . If the AI is less than 0.1, speech intelligibility is generally low. If it is above 0.6, speech intelligibility is generally high. 

ATTENUATION. The reduction of sound intensity by various means (e.g., air, humidity, porous materials...). 

AUDIO FREQUENCY. The frequency of oscillation of an audible sound wave. Any frequency between 20 and 20,000 Hz. 

AUDIOGRAM. A graph showing individual hearing acuity as a function of frequency. 

AUDIOMETER. An instrument for measuring individual hearing acuity. 

A-WEIGHTED SOUND LEVEL. A measure of sound pressure level designed to reflect the acuity of the human ear, which does not respond equally to all frequencies. The ear is less efficient at low and high frequencies than at medium or speech-range frequencies. Therefore, to describe a sound containing a wide range of frequencies in a manner representative of the ear's response, it is necessary to reduce the effects of the low and high frequencies with respect to the medium frequencies. The resultant sound level is said to be A-weighted, and the units are dBA. The A-weighted sound level is also called the noise level. Sound level meters have an A-weighting network for measuring A-weighted sound level. 

The A-weighted sound level L_A is widely used to state acoustical design goals as a single number, but its usefulness is limited because it gives no information on spectrum content. The rating is expressed as a number followed by dBA, for example 36 dBA. A-weighted sound levels correlate well with human judgments of relative loudness, but give no information on spectral balance. Thus, they do not necessarily correlate well with the annoyance caused by the noise. Many different-sounding spectra can have the same numeric rating, but have quite different subjective qualities. A-weighted comparisons are best used with sounds that sound alike but differ in level. They should not be used to compare sounds with distinctly different spectral characteristics; that is, two sounds at the same sound level but with different spectral content are likely to be judged differently by the listener in terms of acceptability as a background sound. One of the sounds might be completely acceptable, while the other could be objectionable because its spectrum shape was rumbly, hissy, or tonal in character. A-weighted sound levels are use extensively in outdoor environmental noise standards.

BACKGROUND NOISE. The total of all noise in a system or situation, independent of the presence of the desired signal. In acoustical measurements, strictly speaking, the term "background noise" means electrical noise in the measurement system. However, in popular usage the term "background noise" is often used to mean the noise in the environment, other than the noise from the source of interest. 

BAND. Any segment of the frequency spectrum. 

BAND PASS FILTER. A wave filter that has a single transmission band extending from a lower cutoff frequency greater than zero to a finite upper cutoff frequency. 

BROADBAND NOISE. Noise with components over a wide range of frequencies. 

CALIBRATOR (ACOUSTICAL). A device which produces a known sound pressure on the microphone of a sound level measurement system, and is used to adjust the system to Standard specifications. 

COCHLEA. A spirally coiled organ located within the inner ear which contains the receptor organs essential to hearing. 

CUTOFF FREQUENCIES. The frequencies that mark the ends of a band, or the points at Which the characteristics of a filter change from pass to no-pass. 

CYCLE. The complete sequence of values of a periodic quantity that occurs during one period. 

CYCLES PER SECOND. A measure of frequency numerically equivalent to hertz. 

CYLINDRICAL WAVE. A wave in which the surfaces of constant phase are coaxial cylinders. A line of closely-spaced sound sources radiating into an open space produces a free sound field of cylindrical waves. 

DAMPING. The dissipation of energy with time or distance. The term is generally applied to the attenuation of sound in a structure owing to the internal sound-dissipative properties of the structure or to the addition of sound-dissipative materials. 

dBA. Unit of sound level. The weighted sound pressure level by the use of the A metering characteristic and weighting specified in ANSI Specifications for Sound Level Meter, S1.4-1983. dBA is used as a measure of human response to sound. 

DECIBEL. A unit of sound pressure level, abbreviated dB. 

DIFFRACTION. A modification which sound waves undergo in passing by the edges of solid bodies. 

DIRECTIVITY INDEX. In a given direction from a sound source, the difference in decibels between (a) the sound pressure level produced by the source in that direction, and (b) the space-average sound pressure level of that source, measured at the same distance. 

DOPPLER EFFECT (DOPPLER SHIFT). The apparent upward shift in frequency of a sound as a noise source approaches the listener or the apparent downward shift when the noise source recedes. The classic example is the change in pitch of a railroad whistle as the locomotive approaches and passes by. 

DOSIMETER. A device worn by a worker for determining the worker's accumulated noise exposure with regard to level and time according to a pre-determined integration formula. 

ECHO. A wave that has been reflected or otherwise returned with sufficient magnitude and delay, so as to be detected as a wave distinct from that directly transmitted. 

EQUIVALENT A-WEIGHTED SOUND LEVEL (Leq). The constant sound level that, in a given time period, would convey the same sound energy as the actual time-varying A-weighted sound level. 

FAR FIELD. Describes a sound source region in free space where the sound pressure level obeys the inverse-square law (the sound pressure level decreases 6 dB with each doubling of distance from the source). Also, in this region the sound particle velocity is in phase with the sound pressure. Closer to the source where these two conditions do not hold constitutes the near field region. 

FILTER. A device for separating components of a signal on the basis of their frequency. It allows components in one or more frequency bands to pass relatively unattenuated, and it attenuates components in other frequency bands. 

FREE SOUND FIELD (FREE FIELD). A sound field in which the effects of obstacles or boundaries on sound propagated in that field are negligible. 

FREQUENCY. The number of times per second that the sine wave of sound repeats itself, or that the sine wave of a vibrating object repeats itself. Now expressed in hertz(Hz), formerly in cycles per second (cps). 

HAIR CELL. Sensory cells in the cochlea which transform the mechanical energy of sound into nerve impulses. 

HARMONIC. A sinusoidal (pure-tone) component whose frequency is a whole-number multiple of the fundamental frequency of the wave. If a component has a frequency twice that of the 

fundamental it is called the second harmonic, etc... 

HEARING. The subjective human response to sound. 

HEARING LEVEL. A measured threshold of hearing at a specified frequency, expressed in decibels relative to a specified standard of normal hearing. The deviation in decibels of an individual's threshold from the zero reference of the audiometer. 

HEARING LOSS. A term denoting an impairment of auditory acuity. The amount of hearing impairment, in decibels, measured as a set of hearing threshold levels at specified frequencies. Types of hearing loss are: 1. Conductive: A loss originating in the conductive mechanism of the ear; 2. Sensor-neural: A loss originating in the cochlea or the fibers of the auditory nerve; 3. Noise induced: A sensor-neural loss attributed to the effects of noise. 

HEARING THRESHOLD LEVEL (HTL). Amount (in decibels) by which an individual's threshold of audibility differs from a standard audiometric threshold. 

HERTZ (Hz). Unit of measurement of frequency, numerically equal to cycles per second 

IMPACT INSULATION CLASS (IC). A single-figure rating that compares the impact sound insulating capabilities of floor-ceiling assemblies to a reference contour. 

IMPACT SOUND. The sound produced by the collision of two solid objects. Typical sources are footsteps, dropped objects, etc., on an interior surface (wall, floor, or ceiling) of a building. 

IMPULSIVE NOISE, a) Either a single sound pressure peak (with either a rise time less than 200 milliseconds or total duration less than 200 milliseconds) or multiple sound pressure peaks (with either rise time less than 200 milliseconds or total duration less than 200 milliseconds) spaced at least by 200 millisecond pauses, b) A sharp sound pressure peak occurring in a short interval of time. 

INFRASONIC. Sounds of a frequency lower than 20 hertz. 

INTENSITY. The sound energy flow through a unit area in a unit time. 

INVERSE SQUARE LAW. A description of the acoustic wave behavior in which the mean-square pressure varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source. This behavior occurs in free field situations, where the sound pressure level decreases 6 dB with each doubling of distance from the source. 
. 
ISO. The International Organization for Standardization. 

LEVEL. The logarithm of the ratio of a quantity to a reference quantity of the same kind. The base of the logarithm, the 

reference quantity, and the kind of level must be specified. 

LOGARITHM. The exponent that indicates the power to which a number must be raised to produce a given number. For example, for the base 10 logarithm, used in acoustics, 2 is the logarithm of 100. 

LOUDNESS. The subjective judgment of intensity of a sound by humans. Loudness depends upon the sound pressure and frequency of the stimulus. Over much of the frequency range it takes about a threefold increase in sound pressure (a tenfold increase in acoustical energy, or, 10 dB) to produce a doubling of loudness. 
. 
LOUDNESS LEVEL. Measured in phons it is numerically equal to the median sound pressure level (dB) of a free progressive 1000 Hz wave presented to listeners facing the source, which in a number of trials is judged by the listeners to be equally loud. 

MASKING. 1. The process by which the threshold of audibilty for a sound is raised by the presence of another (masking) sound. 2. The amount by which the threshold of audibility of a sound is raised by the presence of another (masking) sound.

MASKING NOISE. A noise that is intense enough to render inaudible or unintelligible another sound that is also present. 

MEDIUM. A substance carrying a sound wave. 

NOISE REDUCTION COEFFICIENT (NRC). A measure of the acoustical absorption performance of a material, calculated by averaging its sound absorption coefficients at 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz, expressed to the nearest multiple of 0.05. 

NON-IMPULSIVE NOISE. all noise not included in the definition of impulsive noise. 

OCTAVE. The interval between two sounds having a frequency ratio of two.- There are 8 octaves on the keyboard of a standard piano. 

OCTAVE BAND. A segment of the frequency spectrum separated by an octave. 

OCTAVE BAND LEVEL. The integrated sound pressure level of only those sine-wave components in a specified octave band. 

OSCILLATION. The variation with time, alternately increasing and decreasing, of (a) some feature of an audible sound, such as the sound pressure; or (b) some feature of a vibrating solid object, such as the displacement of its surface. 

OSHA The Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 

PEAK SOUND PRESSURE. The maximum absolute value of the instantaneous sound pressure in a specific time interval. Note: in the case of a periodic wave, if the time interval considered is a complete period, the peak sound pressure becomes identical with the maximum sound pressure. 

PERIOD. The duration of time it takes for a periodic wave form (like a sine wave) to repeat itself. 

PERMANENT THRESHOLD SHIFT (PTS). A permanent decrease of the acuity of the ear at a specified frequency as compared to a previously established reference level. The amount of permanent threshold shift is customarily expressed in decibels. 

PHON. The unit of measurement for loudness level. 

PINK NOISE. Noise with constant energy per octave band width. 

PITCH. The attribute of auditory sensation that orders sounds on a scale extending from low to high. Pitch depends primarily upon the frequency of the sound stimulus, but it also depends upon the sound pressure and wave form of the stimulus. 

PLANE WAVE. A wave whose wave fronts are parallel and perpendicular to the direction in which the wave is traveling. 

PRESBYCUSIS. The decline in hearing acuity that is attributed to the aging process. 

PURE TONE. A sound for which the sound pressure is a simple sinusoidal function of the time, and characterized by its singleness of pitch. 

RANDOM NOISE. An oscillation whose instantaneous magnitude is not specified for any given instant of time. It can be 

described statistically by probability distribution functions giving the traction of the total time that the magnitude of the noise lies within a specified range. 

REFLECTION. The return of a sound wave from a  surface. 

REFRACTION. The bending of a sound wave from its original path, either because it is passing from one medium to another or by changes in the physical properties of the medium, e.g., a temperature or wind gradient in the air. 

RESONANCE. The relatively large amplitude of vibration produced when the frequency of some source of sound or vibration "matches" the natural frequency of vibration of some object, component, or system. 

RESONATOR. A device that resounds or vibrates in sympathy with a source of sound or vibration. 

REVERBERANT FIELD. The region in a room where the reflected sound dominates, as opposed to the region close to the noise source where the direct sound dominates. 

REVERBERATION. The persistence of sound in an enclosed space, as a result of multiple reflections, after the sound source has stopped. 

REVERBERATION ROOM. A room having a long reverberation time, especially designed to make the sound field inside it as diffuse (homogeneous) as possible. 

REVERBERATION TIME (RT). The reverberation time of a room is the time taken for the sound pressure level to decrease 60 dB from its steady-state value when the source of sound energy is suddenly interrupted. It is a measure of the persistence of an impulsive sound in a room as well as of the amount of acoustical absorption present inside the room. Rooms with long reverberation times are called live rooms. 

RMS SOUND PRESSURE. The square root of the time averaged square of the sound pressure. 

ROOM SOUND PROPAGATION Indoor

The sound in a room will propagate to the receiver by direct sound and reverberant sound.

For a continuing source in a room, the sound level is the sum of direct and reverberant sound and is given by Lp = Lw + log (D / (4 p r2) + 4 / R) (dB) where D = directivity coefficient R = room constant (m2) r = distance from source (m) Room constant R = S am / (1-am) (m2) where S = total surface of the room (m2) a = absorption coefficient am = mean apsorption coefficient for the room Absorption coefficient a = Ia / Ii where Ia = sound intensity absorbed Ii = incident sound intensity The rooms total absorption, m2 Sabine Am = S S a (m2 Sabine) The mean apsorption coefficient for the room am = Am / S The sound level as a sum of direct and reverberant sound for a source in a room.     For a continuing source in a room, the sound level is the sum of direct and reverberant sound and is given by Lp = Lw + log (D / (4 p r2) + 4 / R)        (dB) where D = directivity coefficient R = room constant    (m2 Sabine) r = distance from source (m) Directivity coefficient The figure can be used to estimate the directivity coefficient D. The figure permits calculation of theoretical sound pressure levels Lp, from both direct and reverberant sound, at a given distance (r) from a source inside room of sound power level Lw. R is the room constant. An introduction to propagation of sound outdoor.       When the distance from the the power source  doubles, the sound pressure level decrease with 6 dB. This relationship is also known as the inverse square law. Lp = Lw - 20 log r + K'        where r = distance from source   (m) K' = constant       When source radiates hemispherically with the source near ground K' = - 8. When source radiates spherically  K' = - 11. Other factors affecting the radiation of sound might be direction of the source, barriers and atmospheric conditions. The eq. can be modifyed as Lp = Lw - 20 log r + K' + DI - Aa - Ab      where    DI = directivity index Aa = attenuation due to atmospheric conditions Ab = attenuation due to barriers

ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE (RMS). 1. The root-mean-square value of a time-varying quantity is obtained by squaring the function at each instant, obtaining the average of the squared values over the interval of interest, and then taking the square root of this average. For a sine wave, if you multiply the RMS value by the square root of 2, or about l.41, you get the peak value of the wave. The RMS value, also called the effective value of the sound pressure, is the best measure of ordinary continuous sound, but the peak value is necessary for assessment of impulsive noises. 2. A term' describing the mathematical process of determining an 'average' value of a complex signal. 

SABIN. A measure of the sound absorption of a surface; it is the equivalent of one square foot of a perfectly absorptive surface. 

SHIELDING. The attenuation of a sound, achieved by placing barriers between a sound source and the receiver 

SONE. The unit of measurement for loudness. One sone is the loudness of a sound whose loudness level is 40 phons. Loudness is proportional to the sound's loudness rating, e.g., two sones are twice as loud as one sone. 

SOCIOCUSIS. Loss of hearing caused by noise exposures that are part of the social environment, exclusive of occupational-noise exposure, physiological changes with age, and disease. 

SOUND. 1. An oscillation in pressure, stress, particle displacement, particle velocity, etc., in an elastic or partially elastic medium, or the superposition of such propagated alterations. 2. An auditory sensation evoked by the oscillation described above. Not all sound waves can evoke an auditory sensation: e.g. ultrasound. 

SOUND INTENSITY, power per unit area, vary substantially with distance from source, and also diminish as a result of intervening obstacles and barriers, air absorption, wind and other factors.  

The intencity from a source pasing a spherical surface around the source can be expressed as

I = W / A = W / 4 p r²    (W/m²)

In a progressing leveled wave the intensity can be expressed as

I = W / A = p² / r c   (W/m²)

where

I = intensity of sound      (W/m²)
W = power    (W)
A = area   (m²)
r = radius in the spherical surface  (m)
p = root mean square pressure  (N/m²)
r = density     (kg/m³)
c = velocity of sound   (m/s)   

Sound intensity expressed in dB

L_I = 10 log (I / I₀) (dB)

where

I₀ = reference intensity   (W/m²)

The normal reference level is 10^-12 W/m².

SOUND LEVEL. The weighted sound pressure level obtained by the use of a sound level meter and frequency weighting network, such as A, B, or C as specified in ANSI specifications for sound level meters (ANSI Sl.4-1971, or the latest approved revision). If the frequency weighting employed is not indicated, the A-weighting is implied. 

SOUND LEVEL METER. An instrument comprised of a microphone, amplifier, output meter, and frequency-weighting networks which is used for the measurement of noise and sound levels. 

SOUND POWER. The total sound energy radiated by a source per unit time. The unit of measurement is the watt. 

Sound power level are connected to the sound source and independent of distance. Sound power are indicated in decibel.

L_w = 10 log (W / W₀)

where

W₀ = reference power    (W)            

The normal reference level is 10^-12 W which is the lowest sound persons of excellent hearing can discern. Note that older american litterature may contain sound power level data referenced to 10^-13 W.

SOUND PRESSURE. The instantaneous difference between the actual pressure produced by a sound wave and the average or barometric pressure at a given point in space. 

SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL (SPL). 20 times the logarithm, to the base 10, of the ratio of the pressure of the sound measured to the reference pressure, which is 20 micronewtons per square meter. In equation form, sound pressure level in units of decibels is expressed as SPL (dB) = 20 log p/pr. 

Since sound measuring instruments respond to sound pressure the "decibel" is generally associated with sound pressure level.

Sound pressure level quantify in decibels the intensity of given sound sources. Sound pressure level vary substantially with distance from source, and also diminish as a result of intervening obstacles and barriers, air absorption, wind and other factors.   

Since I = p² / r c then

L_p = 10 log (p² / p²₀) = 20 log (p / p₀)

where

p = root mean square pressure  (N/m²)

The usual reference level p_o is 20x10^-6 N/m².

Note that the noise from fans, machines etc. in general are documented in sound power level.

If the sound pressure doubles,
the sound pressure level increase with 6 dB.

The lowest sound level that people of excellent hearing can discern has an acoustic sound power about 10^-12 W, 0 dB

The loudest sound generally encountered is that of a jet aircraft with a sound power of 10⁵ W, 170 dB

SOUND TRANSMISSION CLASS (STC). The preferred single figure rating system designed to give an estimate of the sound insulation properties of a structure or a rank ordering of a series of structures. 

SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS (STL). A measure of sound insulation provided by a structural configuration. Expressed in decibels, it is 10 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the sound transmission coefficient of the configuration. 

SPECTRUM. The description of a sound wave's resolution into its components of frequency and amplitude. 

SPEECH-INTERFERENCE LEVEL (SIL). A calculated quantity providing a guide to the interference of a noise with the reception of speech. The speech-interference level is the arithmetic average of the octave band levels 

of the interfering noise in the most important part of the speech frequency range. The levels in octave bands centered at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz are commonly averaged to determine the speech-interference level. 

SPEED (VELOCITY) OF SOUND IN AIR. 344 m/sec (l128 ft/sec) at 70 degrees F in air at sea level. 

SPHERICAL DIVERGENCE. The condition of propagation of spherical waves that relates to the regular decrease in intensity of a spherical sound wave at progressively greater distances from the source. Under this condition the sound pressure level decreases 6 decibels with each doubling of distance from the source. 

SPHERICAL WAVE. A sound wave in which the surfaces of constant phase are concentric spheres. A small (point) source radiating into an open space produces a free sound field of spherical waves. . 

STEADY-STATE SOUNDS. Sounds whose average characteristics remain relatively constant in time. A practical example of a steady-state sound source is an air conditioning unit. 

TEMPORARY THRESHOLD SHIFT (TTS). A temporary impairment of hearing acuity as indicated by a change in the threshold of audibility. 

THIRD-OCTAVE BAND. A frequency band whose cutoff frequencies have a ratio of 2 to the one-third power, which is approximately 1.26. The cutoff frequencies of 891 Hz and 1112 Hz define the 1000 Hz third-octave band in common use. 

THRESHOLD OF AUDIBILITY (THRESHOLD OF DETECTABILITY). The minimum sound pressure level at which a person can hear a specified frequency of sound over a specified number of trials. 

THRESHOLD OF PAIN. The minimum sound pressure level of a sound outside the ear that will produce a transition from discomfort to definite pain. 

THRESHOLD SHIFT. A change in the threshold of audibility at a specified frequency from a threshold previously established. The amount of threshold shift is customarily expressed in decibels. 

TIMBRE. An attribute of auditory sensation allowing a subject to judge that two sounds similarly presented and having the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar, e.g., trumpet vs. violin. 

TINNITUS. Ringing in the ear or noise sensed in the head. Onset may be due to an acoustic trauma and persist in the absence of acoustical stimulation (in which case it may indicate a lesion of the auditory system). 

TONE. A sound of definite pitch. A pure tone has a sinusoidal wave form. 
TRANSDUCER. A device capable of being actuated by waves from one or more transmission systems or media and supplying related waves to one or more other 

transmission systems or media. Examples are microphones, accelerometers, and loudspeakers. 

ULTRASONIC. Sounds or a frequency higher than 20,000 hertz. 

VIBRATION. An oscillatory motion of solid bodies described by displacement, velocity, or acceleration with respect to a given reference point. 

VIBRATION ISOLATOR. A resilient support for vibrating equipment designed to reduce the amount of vibration transmitted to the other structures. 

WAVE. A disturbance that travels through a medium by virtue of the elastic properties of that medium. 

WAVELENGTH. For a periodic wave (such as sound in air), the distance between analogous points on any two successive waves. The wavelength of sound in air or in water is inversely proportional to the frequency of the sound. Thus, the lower the frequency, the longer the wavelength. 

WEIGHTING. Prescribed frequency filtering provided in a sound level meter. 

WHITE NOISE. Noise whose energy is uniform over wide range of frequencies, being analogous in spectrum characteristics to white light. 

WINDSCREEN. A porous device used to cover the microphone of a sound level measurement system which is designed to minimize the effects of winds and wind gusts on the sound levels being measured. Typically made of open cell polyurethane foam and spherically shaped. 

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